#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# File:         Geotag.pm
#
# Description:  Geotagging utility routines
#
# Revisions:    2009/04/01 - P. Harvey Created
#               2009/09/27 - PH Added Geosync feature
#
# References:   1) http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/
#               2) http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm#GSA
#               3) http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html
#               4) http://www.fai.org/gliding/system/files/tech_spec_gnss.pdf
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package Image::ExifTool::Geotag;

use strict;
use vars qw($VERSION);
use Image::ExifTool qw(:Public);

$VERSION = '1.24';

sub SetGeoValues($$;$);

# XML tags that we recognize (keys are forced to lower case)
my %xmlTag = (
    lat         => 'lat',       # GPX
    latitude    => 'lat',       # Garmin
    latitudedegrees => 'lat',   # Garmin TCX
    lon         => 'lon',       # GPX
    longitude   => 'lon',       # Garmin
    longitudedegrees => 'lon',  # Garmin TCX
    ele         => 'alt',       # GPX
    elevation   => 'alt',       # PH
    alt         => 'alt',       # PH
    altitude    => 'alt',       # Garmin
    altitudemeters => 'alt',    # Garmin TCX
   'time'       => 'time',      # GPX/Garmin
    fix         => 'fixtype',   # GPX
    hdop        => 'hdop',      # GPX
    vdop        => 'vdop',      # GPX
    pdop        => 'pdop',      # GPX
    sat         => 'nsats',     # GPX
    when        => 'time',      # KML
    coordinates => 'coords',    # KML
    # XML containers (fix is reset at the opening tag of these properties)
    wpt         => '',          # GPX
    trkpt       => '',          # GPX
    rtept       => '',          # GPX
    trackpoint  => '',          # Garmin
    placemark   => '',          # KML
);

my $secPerDay = 24 * 3600;      # a useful constant

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Load GPS track log file
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) track log data or file name
# Returns: geotag hash data reference or error string
# - the geotag hash has the following members:
#       Points - hash of GPS fix information hashes keyed by Unix time
#       Times  - list of sorted Unix times (keys of Points hash)
#       NoDate - flag if some points have no date (ie. referenced to 1970:01:01)
#       IsDate - flag if some points have date
# - the fix information hash may contain:
#       lat    - signed latitude (required)
#       lon    - signed longitude (required)
#       alt    - signed altitude
#       time   - fix time in UTC as XML string
#       fixtype- type of fix ('none'|'2d'|'3d'|'dgps'|'pps')
#       pdop   - dilution of precision
#       hdop   - horizontal DOP
#       vdop   - vertical DOP
#       sats   - comma-separated list of active satellites
#       nsats  - number of active satellites
#       first  - flag set for first fix of track
# - concatenates new data with existing track data stored in ExifTool NEW_VALUE
#   for the Geotag tag
sub LoadTrackLog($$;$)
{
    local ($_, $/, *EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE);
    my ($exifTool, $val) = @_;
    my ($raf, $from, $time, $isDate, $noDate, $noDateChanged, $lastDate, $dateFlarm);
    my ($nmeaStart, $fixSecs, @fixTimes, $canCut, $cutPDOP, $cutHDOP, $cutSats, $lastFix);

    unless (eval 'require Time::Local') {
        return 'Geotag feature requires Time::Local installed';
    }
    # add data to existing track
    my $geotag = $exifTool->GetNewValues('Geotag') || { };
    my $format = '';
    # is $val track log data?
    if ($val =~ /^(\xef\xbb\xbf)?<(\?xml|gpx)\s/) {
        $format = 'XML';
        $/ = '>';   # set input record separator to '>' for XML/GPX data
    } elsif ($val =~ /(\x0d\x0a|\x0d|\x0a)/) {
        $/ = $1;
    } else {
        # $val is track file name
        open EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE, $val or return "Error opening GPS file '$val'";
        $raf = new File::RandomAccess(\*EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE);
        unless ($raf->Read($_, 256)) {
            close EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE;
            return "Empty track file '$val'";
        }
        # look for XML or GPX header (might as well allow UTF-8 BOM)
        if (/^(\xef\xbb\xbf)?<(\?xml|gpx)\s/) {
            $format = 'XML';
            $/ = '>';   # set input record separator to '>' for XML/GPX data
        } elsif (/(\x0d\x0a|\x0d|\x0a)/) {
            $/ = $1;
        } else {
            close EXIFTOOL_TRKFILE;
            return "Invalid track file '$val'";
        }
        $raf->Seek(0,0);
        $from = "file '$val'";
    }
    unless ($from) {
        # set up RAF for reading log file in memory
        $raf = new File::RandomAccess(\$val);
        $from = 'data';
    }
    # initialize track points lookup
    my $points = $$geotag{Points};
    $points or $points = $$geotag{Points} = { };

    # initialize cuts
    my $maxHDOP = $exifTool->Options('GeoMaxHDOP');
    my $maxPDOP = $exifTool->Options('GeoMaxPDOP');
    my $minSats = $exifTool->Options('GeoMinSats');
    my $isCut = $maxHDOP || $maxPDOP || $minSats;

    my $numPoints = 0;
    my $skipped = 0;
    my $lastSecs = 0;
    my $fix = { };
    for (;;) {
        $raf->ReadLine($_) or last;
        # determine file format
        if (not $format) {
            if (/^<(\?xml|gpx)\s/) { # look for XML or GPX header
                $format = 'XML';
            } elsif (/^\$(PMGNTRK|GP(RMC|GGA|GLL|GSA)),/) {
                $format = 'NMEA';
                $nmeaStart = $2 || $1;    # save type of first sentence
            } elsif (/^A(FLA|XSY|FIL)/) {
                # (don't set format yet because we want to read HFDTE first)
                $nmeaStart = 'B' ;
                next;
            } elsif (/^HFDTE(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})/) {
                my $year = $3 + ($3 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
                $dateFlarm = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$1,$2-1,$year-1900);
                $nmeaStart = 'B' ;
                $format = 'IGC';
                next;
            } elsif ($nmeaStart and /^B/) {
                # parse IGC fixes without a date
                $format = 'IGC';                
            } else {
                # search only first 50 lines of file for a valid fix
                last if ++$skipped > 50;
                next;
            }
        }
#
# XML format (GPX, KML, Garmin XML/TCX etc)
#
        if ($format eq 'XML') {
            my ($arg, $tok, $td);
            s/\s*=\s*(['"])\s*/=$1/g;  # remove unnecessary white space in attributes
            foreach $arg (split) {
                # parse attributes (ie. GPX 'lat' and 'lon')
                # (note: ignore namespace prefixes if they exist)
                if ($arg =~ /^(\w+:)?(\w+)=(['"])(.*?)\3/g) {
                    my $tag = $xmlTag{lc $2};
                    $$fix{$tag} = $4 if $tag;
                }
                # loop through XML elements
                while ($arg =~ m{([^<>]*)<(/)?(\w+:)?(\w+)(>|$)}g) {
                    my $tag = $xmlTag{$tok = lc $4};
                    # parse as a simple property if this element has a value
                    if (defined $tag and not $tag) {
                        # a containing property was opened or closed
                        if (not $2) {
                            # opened: start a new fix
                            $lastFix = $fix = { };
                            next;
                        } elsif ($fix and $lastFix and %$fix) {
                            # closed: transfer additional tags from current fix
                            foreach (keys %$fix) {
                                $$lastFix{$_} = $$fix{$_} unless defined $$lastFix{$_};
                            }
                            undef $lastFix;
                        }
                    }
                    if (length $1) {
                        if ($tag) {
                            if ($tag eq 'coords') {
                                # read KML "Point" coordinates
                                @$fix{'lon','lat','alt'} = split ',', $1;
                            } else {
                                $$fix{$tag} = $1;
                            }
                        }
                        next;
                    } elsif ($tok eq 'td') {
                        $td = 1;
                    }
                    # validate and store GPS fix
                    if (defined $$fix{lat} and defined $$fix{lon} and $$fix{'time'} and
                        $$fix{lat} =~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/ and
                        $$fix{lon} =~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/ and
                        $$fix{'time'} =~ /^(\d{4})-(\d+)-(\d+)T(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d+)?(.*)/)
                    {
                        $time = Time::Local::timegm($6,$5,$4,$3,$2-1,$1-1900);
                        $time += $7 if $7;  # add fractional seconds
                        my $tz = $8;
                        # adjust for time zone (otherwise assume UTC)
                        # - allow timezone of +-HH:MM, +-H:MM, +-HHMM or +-HH since
                        #   the spec is unclear about timezone format
                        if ($tz =~ /^([-+])(\d+):(\d{2})\b/ or $tz =~ /^([-+])(\d{2})(\d{2})?\b/) {
                            $tz = ($2 * 60 + ($3 || 0)) * 60;
                            $tz *= -1 if $1 eq '+'; # opposite sign to change back to UTC
                            $time += $tz;
                        }
                        # validate altitude
                        undef $$fix{alt} if defined $$fix{alt} and $$fix{alt} !~ /^[+-]?\d+\.?\d*/;
                        $isDate = 1;
                        $canCut= 1 if defined $$fix{pdop} or defined $$fix{hdop} or defined $$fix{nsats};
                        $$points{$time} = $fix;
                        push @fixTimes, $time;  # save times of all fixes in order
                        $fix = { };
                        ++$numPoints;
                    }
                }
            }
            # last ditch check KML description for timestamp (assume it is UTC)
            $$fix{'time'} = "$1T$2Z" if $td and not $$fix{'time'} and
                /[\s>](\d{4}-\d{2}-\d{2})[T ](\d{2}:\d{2}:\d{2}(\.\d+)?)/;
            next;
        }
        my (%fix, $secs, $date, $nmea);
        if ($format eq 'NMEA') {
            # ignore unrecognized NMEA sentences
            next unless /^\$(PMGNTRK|GP(RMC|GGA|GLL|GSA)),/;
            $nmea = $2 || $1;
        }
#
# IGC (flarm) (ref 4)
#
        if ( $format eq 'IGC' ) {
            # B0939564531208N00557021EA007670089100207
            # BHHMMSSDDMMmmmNDDDMMmmmEAaaaaaAAAAAxxyy
            #    HH     MM     SS     DD     MM     mmm          DDD    MM     mmm                aaaaa AAAAA
            #    1      2      3      4      5      6      7     8      9      10     11    12    13    14
            /^B(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d{3})([NS])(\d{3})(\d{2})(\d{3})([EW])([AV])(\d{5})(\d{5})/ or next;
            $fix{lat} = ($4 + ($5 + $6/1000)/60) * ($7  eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = ($8 + ($9 +$10/1000)/60) * ($11 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{alt} = $12 eq 'A' ? $14 : undef;
            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
            # wrap to next day if necessary
            if ($dateFlarm) {
                $dateFlarm += $secPerDay if $secs < $lastSecs;
                $date = $dateFlarm;
            }
            $nmea = 'B';
#
# Magellan eXplorist NMEA-like PMGNTRK sentence (optionally contains date)
#
        } elsif ($nmea eq 'PMGNTRK') {
            # $PMGNTRK,4415.026,N,07631.091,W,00092,M,185031.06,A,,020409*65
            # $PMGNTRK,ddmm.mmm,N/S,dddmm.mmm,E/W,alt,F/M,hhmmss.ss,A/V,trkname,DDMMYY*cs
            /^\$PMGNTRK,(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([EW]),(-?\d+\.?\d*),([MF]),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,A,(?:[^,]*,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+))?/ or next;
            $fix{lat} = ($1 + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = ($4 + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{alt} = $8 eq 'M' ? $7 : $7 * 12 * 0.0254;
            $secs = (($9 * 60) + $10) * 60 + $11;
            $secs += $12 if $12;    # add fractional seconds
            if (defined $15) {
                # optional date is available in PMGNTRK sentence
                my $year = $15 + ($15 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
                $date = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$13,$14-1,$year-1900);
            }
#
# NMEA RMC sentence (contains date)
#
        } elsif ($nmea eq 'RMC') {
            #  $GPRMC,092204.999,A,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,0.00,89.68,211200,,*25
            #  $GPRMC,hhmmss.sss,A/V,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,ddmmm.mmmm,E/W,spd(knots),dir(deg),DDMMYY,,*cs
            /^\$GPRMC,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,A,(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([EW]),[^,]*,[^,]*,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)/ or next;
            $fix{lat} = ($5 + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = ($8 + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            my $year = $13 + ($13 >= 70 ? 1900 : 2000);
            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
            $secs += $4 if $4;      # add fractional seconds
            $date = Time::Local::timegm(0,0,0,$11,$12-1,$year-1900);
#
# NMEA GGA sentence (no date)
#
        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GGA') {
            #  $GPGGA,092204.999,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,1,04,24.4,19.7,M,,,,0000*1F
            #  $GPGGA,hhmmss.sss,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,dddmm.mmmm,E/W,0=invalid,sats,hdop,alt,M,...
            /^\$GPGGA,(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+)?,(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([EW]),[1-6],(\d+)?,(\.\d+|\d+\.?\d*)?,(-?\d+\.?\d*)?,M?,/ or next;
            $fix{lat} = ($5 + $6/60) * ($7 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = ($8 + $9/60) * ($10 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{nsats} = $11;
            $fix{hdop} = $12;
            $fix{alt} = $13;
            $secs = (($1 * 60) + $2) * 60 + $3;
            $secs += $4 if $4;      # add fractional seconds
            $canCut = 1;
#
# NMEA GLL sentence (no date)
#
        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GLL') {
            #  $GPGLL,4250.5589,S,14718.5084,E,092204.999,A*2D
            #  $GPGLL,ddmm.mmmm,N/S,dddmm.mmmm,E/W,hhmmss.sss,A/V*cs
            /^\$GPGLL,(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([NS]),(\d+)(\d{2}\.\d+),([EW]),(\d{2})(\d{2})(\d+)(\.\d+),A/ or next;
            $fix{lat} = ($1 + $2/60) * ($3 eq 'N' ? 1 : -1);
            $fix{lon} = ($4 + $5/60) * ($6 eq 'E' ? 1 : -1);
            $secs = (($7 * 60) + $8) * 60 + $9;
            $secs += $10 if $10;    # add fractional seconds
#
# NMEA GSA sentence (satellite status, no date)
#
        } elsif ($nmea eq 'GSA') {
            # $GPGSA,A,3,04,05,,,,,,,,,,,pdop,hdop,vdop*HH
            /^\$GPGSA,[AM],([23]),((?:\d*,){11}(?:\d*)),(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?,(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?,(\d+\.?\d*|\.\d+)?\*/ or next;
            @fix{qw(fixtype sats pdop hdop vdop)} = ($1.'d',$2,$3,$4,$5);
            # count the number of acquired satellites
            my @a = ($fix{sats} =~ /\d+/g);
            $fix{nsats} = scalar @a;
            $canCut = 1;

        } else {
            next;   # this shouldn't happen
        }
        # use last date if necessary (and appropriate)
        if (defined $secs and not defined $date and defined $lastDate) {
            # wrap to next day if necessary
            if ($secs < $lastSecs) {
                $lastSecs -= $secPerDay;
                $lastDate += $secPerDay;
            }
            # use earlier date only if we are within 10 seconds
            if ($secs - $lastSecs < 10) {
                # last date is close, use it for this fix
                $date = $lastDate;
            } else {
                # last date is old, discard it
                undef $lastDate;
                undef $lastSecs;
            }
        }
        # save our last date/time
        if (defined $date) {
            $lastDate = $date;
            $lastSecs = $secs;
        }
#
# Add NMEA fix to our lookup
# (this is much more complicated than it needs to be because
#  the stupid NMEA format provides no end-of-fix indication)
#
        # assumptions for each NMEA sentence:
        # - we only parse a time if we get a lat/lon
        # - we always get a time if we have a date
        if ($nmea eq $nmeaStart or (defined $secs and (not defined $fixSecs or
            # don't combine sentences that are outside 10 seconds apart
            ($secs >= $fixSecs and $secs - $fixSecs >= 10) or
            ($secs <  $fixSecs and $secs + $secPerDay - $fixSecs >= 10))))
        {
            # start a new fix
            $fix = \%fix;
            $fixSecs = $secs;
            undef $noDateChanged;
            # does this fix have a date/time or time stamp?
            if (defined $date) {
                $fix{isDate} = $isDate = 1;
                $time = $date + $secs;
            } elsif (defined $secs) {
                $time = $secs;
                $noDate = $noDateChanged = 1;
            } else {
                next;   # wait until we have a time before adding to lookup
            }
        } else {
            # add new data to existing fix (but don't overwrite earlier values to
            # keep the coordinates in sync with the fix time)
            foreach (keys %fix) {
                $$fix{$_} = $fix{$_} unless defined $$fix{$_};
            }
            if (defined $date) {
                next if $$fix{isDate};
                # move this fix to the proper date
                if (defined $fixSecs) {
                    delete $$points{$fixSecs};
                    pop @fixTimes if @fixTimes and $fixTimes[-1] == $fixSecs;
                    --$numPoints;
                    # if we wrapped to the next day since the start of this fix,
                    # we must shift the date back to the day of $fixSecs
                    $date -= $secPerDay if $secs < $fixSecs;
                } else {
                    $fixSecs = $secs;
                }
                $time = $date + $fixSecs;
                $$fix{isDate} = $isDate = 1;
                # revert noDate flag if it was set for this fix
                $noDate = 0 if $noDateChanged;
            } elsif (defined $secs and not defined $fixSecs) {
                $time = $fixSecs = $secs;
                $noDate = $noDateChanged = 1;
            } else {
                next;   # wait until we have a time
            }
        }
        # add fix to our lookup
        $$points{$time} = $fix;
        push @fixTimes, $time;  # save time of all fixes in order
        ++$numPoints;
    }
    $raf->Close();

    # set date flags
    if ($noDate and not $$geotag{NoDate}) {
        if ($isDate) {
            $exifTool->Warn('Fixes are date-less -- will use time-only interpolation');
        } else {
            $exifTool->Warn('Some fixes are date-less -- may use time-only interpolation');
        }
        $$geotag{NoDate} = 1;
    }
    $$geotag{IsDate} = 1 if $isDate;

    # cut bad fixes if necessary
    if ($isCut and $canCut) {
        $cutPDOP = $cutHDOP = $cutSats = 0;
        my @goodTimes;
        foreach (@fixTimes) {
            $fix = $$points{$_} or next;
            if ($maxPDOP and $$fix{pdop} and $$fix{pdop} > $maxPDOP) {
                delete $$points{$_};
                ++$cutPDOP;
            } elsif ($maxHDOP and $$fix{hdop} and $$fix{hdop} > $maxHDOP) {
                delete $$points{$_};
                ++$cutHDOP;
            } elsif ($minSats and defined $$fix{nsats} and $$fix{nsats} ne '' and
                $$fix{nsats} < $minSats)
            {
                delete $$points{$_};
                ++$cutSats;
            } else {
                push @goodTimes, $_;
            }
        }
        @fixTimes = @goodTimes; # update fix times
        $numPoints -= $cutPDOP;
        $numPoints -= $cutHDOP;
        $numPoints -= $cutSats;
    }
    # mark first fix of the track
    while (@fixTimes) {
        $fix = $$points{$fixTimes[0]} or shift(@fixTimes), next;
        $$fix{first} = 1;
        last;
    }
    my $verbose = $exifTool->Options('Verbose');
    if ($verbose) {
        my $out = $exifTool->Options('TextOut');
        print $out "Loaded $numPoints points from GPS track log $from\n";
        print $out "Ignored $cutPDOP points due to GeoMaxPDOP cut\n" if $cutPDOP;
        print $out "Ignored $cutHDOP points due to GeoMaxHDOP cut\n" if $cutHDOP;
        print $out "Ignored $cutSats points due to GeoMinSats cut\n" if $cutSats;
        if ($numPoints and $verbose > 1) {
            print $out '  GPS track start: ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($fixTimes[0]) . " UTC\n";
            if ($verbose > 3) {
                foreach $time (@fixTimes) {
                    $fix = $$points{$time} or next;
                    print $out '    ',Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($time),' UTC -';
                    foreach (sort keys %$fix) {
                        print $out " $_=$$fix{$_}" unless $_ eq 'time';
                    }
                    print $out "\n";
                }
            }
            print $out '  GPS track end:   ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($fixTimes[-1]) . " UTC\n";
        }
    }
    if ($numPoints) {
        # reset timestamp list to force it to be regenerated
        delete $$geotag{Times};
        return $geotag;     # success!
    }
    return "No track points found in GPS $from";
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Apply Geosync time correction
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool ref, 1) Unix UTC time value
# Returns: sync time difference (and updates input time), or undef if no sync
sub ApplySyncCorr($$)
{
    my ($exifTool, $time) = @_;
    my $sync = $exifTool->GetNewValues('Geosync');
    if (ref $sync eq 'HASH') {
        my $syncTimes = $$sync{Times};
        if ($syncTimes) {
            # find the nearest 2 sync points
            my ($i0, $i1) = (0, scalar(@$syncTimes) - 1);
            while ($i1 > $i0 + 1) {
                my $pt = int(($i0 + $i1) / 2);
                if ($time < $$syncTimes[$pt]) {
                    $i1 = $pt;
                } else {
                    $i0 = $pt;
                }
            }
            my ($t0, $t1) = ($$syncTimes[$i0], $$syncTimes[$i1]);
            # interpolate/extrapolate to account for linear camera clock drift
            my $syncPoints = $$sync{Points};
            my $f = $t1 == $t0 ? 0 : ($time - $t0) / ($t1 - $t0);
            $sync = $$syncPoints{$t1} * $f + $$syncPoints{$t0} * (1 - $f);
        } else {
            $sync = $$sync{Offset}; # use fixed time offset
        }
        $_[1] += $sync;
    } else {
        undef $sync;
    }
    return $sync;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Set new geotagging values according to date/time
# Inputs: 0) ExifTool object ref, 1) date/time value (or undef to delete tags)
#         2) optional write group
# Returns: error string, or '' on success
# Notes: Uses track data stored in ExifTool NEW_VALUE for Geotag tag
sub SetGeoValues($$;$)
{
    local $_;
    my ($exifTool, $val, $writeGroup) = @_;
    my $geotag = $exifTool->GetNewValues('Geotag');
    my ($fix, $time, $fsec, $noDate, $secondTry);

    # remove date if none of our fixes had date information
    $val =~ s/^\S+\s+// if $val and $geotag and not $$geotag{IsDate};

    # maximum time (sec) from nearest GPS fix when position is still considered valid
    my $geoMaxIntSecs = $exifTool->Options('GeoMaxIntSecs');
    my $geoMaxExtSecs = $exifTool->Options('GeoMaxExtSecs');
    # use 30 minutes for a default
    defined $geoMaxIntSecs or $geoMaxIntSecs = 1800;
    defined $geoMaxExtSecs or $geoMaxExtSecs = 1800;

    my $points = $$geotag{Points};
    my $err = '';
    # loop to try date/time value first, then time-only value
    while (defined $val) {
        unless (defined $geotag) {
            $err = 'No GPS track loaded';
            last;
        }
        my $times = $$geotag{Times};
        unless ($times) {
            # generate sorted timestamp list for binary search
            my @times = sort { $a <=> $b } keys %$points;
            $times = $$geotag{Times} = \@times;
        }
        unless ($times and @$times) {
            $err = 'GPS track is empty';
            last;
        }
        unless (eval 'require Time::Local') {
            $err = 'Geotag feature requires Time::Local installed';
            last;
        }
        # convert date/time to UTC
        my ($year,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2);
        if ($val =~ /^(\d{4}):(\d+):(\d+)\s+(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d*)?(Z|([-+])(\d+):(\d+))?/) {
            # valid date/time value
            ($year,$mon,$day,$hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8,$9,$10,$11);
        } elsif ($val =~ /^(\d{2}):(\d+):(\d+)(\.\d*)?(Z|([-+])(\d+):(\d+))?/) {
            # valid time-only value
            ($hr,$min,$sec,$fs,$tz,$t0,$t1,$t2) = ($1,$2,$3,$4,$5,$6,$7,$8);
            # use Jan. 2 to avoid going negative after tz adjustment
            ($year,$mon,$day) = (1970,1,2);
            $noDate = 1;
        } else {
            $err = 'Invalid date/time (use YYYY:mm:dd HH:MM:SS[.ss][+/-HH:MM|Z])';
            last;
        }
        if ($tz) {
            $time = Time::Local::timegm($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$year-1900);
            # use timezone from date/time value
            if ($tz ne 'Z') {
                my $tzmin = $t1 * 60 + $t2;
                $time -= ($t0 eq '-' ? -$tzmin : $tzmin) * 60;
            }
        } else {
            # assume local timezone
            $time = Image::ExifTool::TimeLocal($sec,$min,$hr,$day,$mon-1,$year-1900);
        }
        # add fractional seconds
        $time += $fs if $fs and $fs ne '.';

        # bring UTC time back to Jan. 1 if no date is given
        $time %= $secPerDay if $noDate;

        # apply time synchronization if available
        my $sync = ApplySyncCorr($exifTool, $time);

        # save fractional seconds string
        $fsec = ($time =~ /(\.\d+)$/) ? $1 : '';

        if ($exifTool->Options('Verbose') > 1 and not $secondTry) {
            my $out = $exifTool->Options('TextOut');
            my $str = "$fsec UTC";
            $str .= sprintf(" (incl. Geosync offset of %+.3f sec)", $sync) if defined $sync;
            print $out '  Geotime value:   ' . Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime(int $time) . "$str\n";
        }
        # interpolate GPS track at $time
        if ($time < $$times[0]) {
            if ($time < $$times[0] - $geoMaxExtSecs) {
                $err or $err = 'Time is too far before track';
            } else {
                $fix = $$points{$$times[0]};
            }
        } elsif ($time > $$times[-1]) {
            if ($time > $$times[-1] + $geoMaxExtSecs) {
                $err or $err = 'Time is too far beyond track';
            } else {
                $fix = $$points{$$times[-1]};
            }
        } else {
            # find nearest 2 points in time
            my ($i0, $i1) = (0, scalar(@$times) - 1);
            while ($i1 > $i0 + 1) {
                my $pt = int(($i0 + $i1) / 2);
                if ($time < $$times[$pt]) {
                    $i1 = $pt;
                } else {
                    $i0 = $pt;
                }
            }
            # do linear interpolation for position
            my $t0 = $$times[$i0];
            my $t1 = $$times[$i1];
            my $p1 = $$points{$t1};
            # check to see if we are extrapolating before the first entry in a track
            my $maxSecs = $$p1{first} ? $geoMaxExtSecs : $geoMaxIntSecs;
            # don't interpolate if fixes are too far apart
            if ($t1 - $t0 > $maxSecs) {
                # treat as an extrapolation -- use nearest fix if close enough
                my $tn = ($time - $t0 < $t1 - $time) ? $t0 : $t1;
                if (abs($time - $tn) > $geoMaxExtSecs) {
                    $err or $err = 'Time is too far from nearest GPS fix';
                } else {
                    $fix = $$points{$tn};
                }
            } else {
                my $f = $t1 == $t0 ? 0 : ($time - $t0) / ($t1 - $t0);
                my $p0 = $$points{$t0};
                $fix = { };
                # loop through latitude, longitude, and altitude if available
                foreach (qw(lat lon alt)) {
                    next unless defined $$p0{$_} and defined $$p1{$_};
                    $$fix{$_} = $$p1{$_} * $f + $$p0{$_} * (1 - $f);
                }
            }
        }
        if ($fix) {
            $err = '';  # success!
        } elsif ($$geotag{NoDate} and not $noDate and $val =~ s/^\S+\s+//) {
            # try again with no date since some of our track points are date-less
            $secondTry = 1;
            next;
        }
        last;
    }
    if ($fix) {
        my ($gpsDate, $gpsAlt, $gpsAltRef);
        my @t = gmtime(int $time);
        my $gpsTime = sprintf('%.2d:%.2d:%.2d', $t[2], $t[1], $t[0]) . $fsec;
        # write GPSDateStamp if date included in track log, otherwise delete it
        $gpsDate = sprintf('%.2d:%.2d:%.2d', $t[5]+1900, $t[4]+1, $t[3]) unless $noDate;
        # write GPSAltitude tags if altitude included in track log, otherwise delete them
        if (defined $$fix{alt}) {
            $gpsAlt = abs $$fix{alt};
            $gpsAltRef = ($$fix{alt} < 0 ? 1 : 0);
        }
        # set new GPS tag values (EXIF, or XMP if write group is 'xmp')
        my ($xmp, $exif, @r);
        my %opts = ( Type => 'ValueConv' ); # write ValueConv values
        if ($writeGroup) {
            $opts{Group} = $writeGroup;
            $xmp = ($writeGroup =~ /xmp/i);
            $exif = ($writeGroup =~ /^(exif|gps)$/i);
        }
        # (capture error messages by calling SetNewValue in list context)
        @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSLatitude => $$fix{lat}, %opts);
        @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSLongitude => $$fix{lon}, %opts);
        @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSAltitude => $gpsAlt, %opts);
        @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSAltitudeRef => $gpsAltRef, %opts);
        unless ($xmp) {
            @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSLatitudeRef => ($$fix{lat} > 0 ? 'N' : 'S'), %opts);
            @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSLongitudeRef => ($$fix{lon} > 0 ? 'E' : 'W'), %opts);
            @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSDateStamp => $gpsDate, %opts);
            @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSTimeStamp => $gpsTime, %opts);
            # set options to edit XMP:GPSDateTime only if it already exists
            $opts{EditOnly} = 1;
            $opts{Group} = 'XMP';
        }
        unless ($exif) {
            @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue(GPSDateTime => "$gpsDate $gpsTime", %opts);
        }
    } else {
        my %opts;
        $opts{Replace} = 2 if defined $val; # remove existing new values
        $opts{Group} = $writeGroup if $writeGroup;
        # reset any GPS values we might have already set
        foreach (qw(GPSLatitude GPSLatitudeRef GPSLongitude GPSLongitudeRef
                    GPSAltitude GPSAltitudeRef GPSDateStamp GPSTimeStamp GPSDateTime))
        {
            my @r = $exifTool->SetNewValue($_, undef, %opts);
        }
    }
    return $err;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Convert Geotagging time synchronization value
# Inputs: 0) exiftool object ref,
#         1) time difference string ("[+-]DD MM:HH:SS.ss"), geosync'd file name,
#            "GPSTIME@IMAGETIME", or "GPSTIME@FILENAME"
# Returns: geosync hash
# Notes: calling this routine with more than one geosync'd file causes time drift
#        correction to be implemented
sub ConvertGeosync($$)
{
    my ($exifTool, $val) = @_;
    my $sync = $exifTool->GetNewValues('Geosync') || { };
    my ($syncFile, $gpsTime, $imgTime);

    if ($val =~ /(.*?)\@(.*)/) {
        $gpsTime = $1;
        if (-f $2) {
            $syncFile = $2;
        } else {
            $imgTime = $2;
        }
    # (take care because "-f '1:30'" crashes ActivePerl 5.10)
    } elsif ($val !~ /^\d/ or $val !~ /:/) {
        $syncFile = $val if -f $val;
    }
    if ($gpsTime or defined $syncFile) {
        # (this is a time synchronization vector)
        if (defined $syncFile) {
            # check the following tags in order to obtain the image timestamp
            my @timeTags = qw(SubSecDateTimeOriginal SubSecCreateDate SubSecModifyDate
                              DateTimeOriginal CreateDate ModifyDate FileModifyDate);
            my $info = ImageInfo($syncFile, { PrintConv => 0 }, @timeTags,
                                 'GPSDateTime', 'GPSTimeStamp');
            $$info{Error} and warn("$$info{Err}\n"), return undef;
            $gpsTime or $gpsTime = $$info{GPSDateTime} || $$info{GPSTimeStamp};
            my $tag;
            foreach $tag (@timeTags) {
                if ($$info{$tag}) {
                    $imgTime = $$info{$tag};
                    $exifTool->VPrint(2, "Geosyncing with $tag from '$syncFile'\n");
                    last;
                }
            }
            $gpsTime or warn("No GPSTimeStamp in '$syncFile\n"), return undef;
            $imgTime or warn("No image timestamp in '$syncFile'\n"), return undef;
        }
        # add date to date-less timestamps
        my ($imgDateTime, $gpsDateTime, $noDate);
        if ($imgTime =~ /^(\d+:\d+:\d+)\s+\d+/) {
            $imgDateTime = $imgTime;
            my $date = $1;
            if ($gpsTime =~ /^\d+:\d+:\d+\s+\d+/) {
                $gpsDateTime = $gpsTime;
            } else {
                $gpsDateTime = "$date $gpsTime";
            }
        } elsif ($gpsTime =~ /^(\d+:\d+:\d+)\s+\d+/) {
            $imgDateTime = "$1 $imgTime";
            $gpsDateTime = $gpsTime;
        } else {
            # use a today's date (so hopefully the DST setting will be intuitive)
            my @tm = localtime;
            my $date = sprintf('%.4d:%.2d:%.2d', $tm[5]+1900, $tm[4]+1, $tm[3]);
            $gpsDateTime = "$date $gpsTime";
            $imgDateTime = "$date $imgTime";
            $noDate = 1;
        }
        # calculate Unix seconds since the epoch
        my $imgSecs = Image::ExifTool::GetUnixTime($imgDateTime, 1);
        defined $imgSecs or warn("Invalid image time '$imgTime'\n"), return undef;
        my $gpsSecs = Image::ExifTool::GetUnixTime($gpsDateTime, 1);
        defined $gpsSecs or warn("Invalid GPS time '$gpsTime'\n"), return undef;
        # add fractional seconds
        $gpsSecs += $1 if $gpsTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
        $imgSecs += $1 if $imgTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
        # shift dates within 12 hours of each other if either timestamp was date-less
        if ($gpsDateTime ne $gpsTime or $imgDateTime ne $imgTime) {
            my $diff = ($imgSecs - $gpsSecs) % (24 * 3600);
            $diff -= 24 * 3600 if $diff > 12 * 3600;
            $diff += 24 * 3600 if $diff < -12 * 3600;
            if ($gpsDateTime ne $gpsTime) {
                $gpsSecs = $imgSecs - $diff;
            } else {
                $imgSecs = $gpsSecs + $diff;
            }
        }
        # save the synchronization offset
        $$sync{Offset} = $gpsSecs - $imgSecs;
        # save this synchronization point if either timestamp had a date
        unless ($noDate) {
            $$sync{Points} or $$sync{Points} = { };
            $$sync{Points}{$imgSecs} = $$sync{Offset};
            # print verbose output
            if ($exifTool->Options('Verbose') > 1) {
                # print GPS and image timestamps in UTC
                my $gps = Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($gpsSecs);
                my $img = Image::ExifTool::ConvertUnixTime($imgSecs);
                $gps .= $1 if $gpsTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
                $img .= $1 if $imgTime =~ /(\.\d+)/;
                $exifTool->VPrint(1, "Added Geosync point:\n",
                                     "  GPS time stamp:  $gps UTC\n",
                                     "  Image date/time: $img UTC\n");
            }
            # save sorted list of image sync times if we have more than one
            my @times = keys %{$$sync{Points}};
            if (@times > 1) {
                @times = sort { $a <=> $b } @times;
                $$sync{Times} = \@times;
            }
        }
    } else {
        # (this is a simple time difference)
        my @vals = $val =~ /(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(?:\.\d*)?/g; # (allow decimal values too)
        @vals or warn("Invalid value (please refer to geotag documentation)\n"), return undef;
        my $secs = 0;
        my $mult;
        foreach $mult (1, 60, 3600, $secPerDay) {
            $secs += $mult * pop(@vals);
            last unless @vals;
        }
        # set constant sync offset
        $$sync{Offset} = $val =~ /^\s*-/ ? -$secs : $secs;
    }
    return $sync;
}

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1;  # end

__END__

=head1 NAME

Image::ExifTool::Geotag - Geotagging utility routines

=head1 SYNOPSIS

This module is used by Image::ExifTool

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module loads GPS track logs, interpolates to determine position based
on time, and sets new GPS values for geotagging images.  Currently supported
formats are GPX, NMEA RMC/GGA/GLL, KML, IGC, Garmin XML and TCX, and
Magellan PMGNTRK.

Methods in this module should not be called directly.  Instead, the Geotag
feature is accessed by writing the values of the ExifTool Geotag, Geosync
and Geotime tags (see the L<Extra Tags|Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>
in the tag name documentation).

=head1 AUTHOR

Copyright 2003-2011, Phil Harvey (phil at owl.phy.queensu.ca)

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.

=head1 REFERENCES

=over 4

=item L<http://www.topografix.com/GPX/1/1/>

=item L<http://www.gpsinformation.org/dale/nmea.htm#GSA>

=item L<http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/kmlreference.html>

=item L<http://www.fai.org/gliding/system/files/tech_spec_gnss.pdf>

=back

=head1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thanks to Lionel Genet for the ability to read IGC format track logs.

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<Image::ExifTool::TagNames/Extra Tags>,
L<Image::ExifTool(3pm)|Image::ExifTool>

=cut

